1 Time-related underemployment

Time-related underemployment refers to individuals who work fewer hours than they desire (Bell and Blanchflower 2013; Wang 2018).

We measure time-related underemployment using three main indicators:

1. Part-timers who work part-time because they could not find a full-time job.

2. Workers who would like to work longer hours in their current job.

3. Workers seeking a replacement job with more hours.

See Technical Appendix 2: Time-related underemployment for more details.

References

Bell, David N F, and David G Blanchflower. 2013. “Underemployment in the UK Revisited.” National Institute Economic Review, F8–22. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43575526.

Wang, Jing. 2018. “Hours Underemployment and Employee Turnover: The Moderating Role of Human Resource Practices.” International Journal of Human Resource Management 29 (May): 1565–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1203346.